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<title>Declaration of war</title>

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Declaration of war

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"State of war" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="State_of_war_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="State of war (disambiguation)">State of war (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Declaration_of_war_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Declaration of war (disambiguation)">Declaration of war (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

A declaration of war is a formal act by which one <a href="State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> announces existing or impending <a href="War" title="War">war</a> activity against another. The declaration is a performative <a href="Speech_act" title="Speech act">speech act</a> (or the public signing of a document) by an authorized party of a national government, in order to create a state of war between two or more <a href="Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">states</a>.

The legality of who is competent to declare war varies between nations and forms of government. In many nations, that power is given to the <a href="Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> or <a href="Monarch" title="Monarch">sovereign</a>. In other cases, something short of a full declaration of war, such as a <a href="Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">letter of marque</a> or a <a href="Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">covert operation</a>, may authorise war-like acts by <a href="Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> or <a href="Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenaries</a>. The official international protocol for declaring war was defined in the <a href="Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Convention (III) of 1907 on the Opening of Hostilities</a>.

Since 1945, developments in international law such as the <a href="United_Nations_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Charter">United Nations Charter</a>, which prohibits both the threat and the <a href="Use_of_force_in_international_law" title="Use of force in international law">use of force</a> in international conflicts, have made declarations of war largely obsolete in international relations,<a href="#cite_note-HOL-1">[1]</a> though such declarations may have relevance within the domestic law of the belligerents or of neutral nations. The UN Security Council, under powers granted in articles 24 and 25, and Chapter VII of the Charter, may authorize <a href="Collective_action" title="Collective action">collective action</a> to maintain or enforce international peace and security. Article 51 of the United Nations Charter also states that: "Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right to individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a state."<a href="#cite_note-UN_Charter-2">[2]</a>

Declarations of war have been exceedingly rare since the end of World War II.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a> Scholars have debated the causes of the decline, with some arguing that states are trying to evade the restrictions of <a href="International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">international humanitarian law</a> (which governs conduct in war)<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a> while others argue that war declarations have come to be perceived as markers of aggression and maximalist aims.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

The practice of declaring war has a long history. The ancient Sumerian <a href="Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a> gives an account of it,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> as does the <a href="Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The <a href="Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> formalized the declaration of war by a special ceremony, the ritual of the <a href="Fetials" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetials">Fetials</a>, though the practice started to decline into the <a href="Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Imperial</a> era.

However, the practice of declaring war was not always strictly followed. In his study Hostilities without Declaration of War (1883), the British scholar <a href="John_Frederick_Maurice" class="mw-redirect" title="John Frederick Maurice">John Frederick Maurice</a> showed that between 1700 and 1870 war was declared in only 10 cases, e.g. the <a href="1812_French_declaration_of_war_on_Russia" title="1812 French declaration of war on Russia">1812 French declaration of war on Russia</a> or the <a href="Declarations_of_war_by_Great_Britain_and_the_United_Kingdom" title="Declarations of war by Great Britain and the United Kingdom">Declarations of war by Great Britain and the United Kingdom</a>, while in another 107 cases war was waged without such declaration (these figures include only wars waged in Europe and between European states and the United States, not including colonial wars in Africa and Asia).

In modern <a href="Public_international_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Public international law">public international law</a>, a declaration of war entails the recognition between countries of a state of hostilities between these countries, and such declaration has acted to regulate the conduct between the military engagements between the forces of the respective countries. The primary multilateral <a href="Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a> governing such declarations are the Hague Conventions.

The <a href="League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, formed in 1919 in the wake of the <a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, and the <a href="General_Treaty_for_the_Renunciation_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="General Treaty for the Renunciation of War">General Treaty for the Renunciation of War</a> of 1928 signed in <a href="Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="France" title="France">France</a>, demonstrated that world powers were seriously seeking a means to prevent the carnage of another world war. Nevertheless, these powers were unable to stop the outbreak of the <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, so the <a href="United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> was established following that war in a renewed attempt to prevent international aggression through declarations of war.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denigration_of_formal_declarations_of_war_before_WWI">Denigration of formal declarations of war before WWI</h3></div>

In classical times, <a href="Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> condemned the <a href="Thebes_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebes (Greece)">Thebans</a>, allies of <a href="Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>, for launching a surprise attack without a declaration of war against <a href="Plataea" title="Plataea">Plataea</a>, <a href="Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>' ally – an event that began the <a href="Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>

The utility of formal declarations of war has always been questioned, either as sentimental remnants of a long-gone age of <a href="Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a> or as imprudent warnings to the enemy. For example, writing in 1737, <a href="Cornelius_van_Bynkershoek" title="Cornelius van Bynkershoek">Cornelius van Bynkershoek</a> judged that "nations and princes endowed with some pride are not generally willing to wage war without a previous declaration, for they wish by an open attack to render victory more honourable and glorious."<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Writing in 1880, <a href="William_Edward_Hall" title="William Edward Hall">William Edward Hall</a> judged that "any sort of previous declaration therefore is an empty formality unless the enemy must be given time and opportunity to put himself in a state of defence, and it is needless to say that no one asserts such a quixotism to be obligatory."<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formal_declarations_of_war_during_World_War_I">Formal declarations of war during World War I</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_I" title="Declarations of war during World War I">Declarations of war during World War I</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formal_declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II">Formal declarations of war during World War II</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war during World War II</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declared_wars_since_1945">Declared wars since 1945</h3></div>

Declarations of war, while uncommon in the traditional sense, have mainly been limited to the conflict areas of the <a href="Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a> and <a href="East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> since 1945. Additionally, some small states have unilaterally declared war on major world powers such as the United States or Russia when faced with a hostile invasion and/or occupation. The following is a list of declarations of war (or the existence of war) by one sovereign state against another since the end of World War II in 1945. Only declarations that occurred in the context of a direct military conflict are included.

<th rowspan="2">War(s)

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Date

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Titled

</th>

<th colspan="2">Belligerents

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Ended

</th>

<th rowspan="2">References

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Declaring party

</th>

<th>Opponent

</th></tr>

<tr>

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">Arab–Israeli War</a> (1948–49)</li><li><a href="Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> (1956)</li><li><a href="Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> (1967)</li><li><a href="War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a> (1967–70)</li><li><a href="Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> (1973)</li></ul></div>

</td>

<td rowspan="3">15 May 1948

</td>

<td rowspan="7">Declaration of war

</td>

<td><a href="Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt"></a> <a href="Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a>

</td>

<td rowspan="4"> <a href="Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">26 March 1979</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty" title="Israel–Jordan peace treaty">26 October 1994</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Syria" title="Syria"></a> <a href="Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq"></a> <a href="Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>

</td>

<td>Still technically at war

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> (1967)

</td>

<td>June 1967

</td>

<td><a href="Mauritania" title="Mauritania"></a><a href="Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>

</td>

<td>1991

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a>

</td>

<td>13 July 1977

</td>

<td> <a href="Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"></a> <a href="Derg" title="Derg">Ethiopia</a>

</td>

<td>15 March 1978

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a>

</td>

<td>2 November 1978

</td>

<td> <a href="Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>

</td>

<td> <a href="Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>

</td>

<td>3 June 1979

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>22 September 1980

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>20 July 1988

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a>

</td>

<td>15 December 1989

</td>

<td rowspan="6">Existence of a state of war

</td>

<td> <a href="Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>

</td>

<td> <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>

</td>

<td>31 January 1990

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">Eritrean–Ethiopian War</a>

</td>

<td>14 May 1998

</td>

<td> <a href="Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>

</td>

<td> <a href="Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Algiers_Agreement_(2000)" title="Algiers Agreement (2000)">12 December 2000</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Chadian_Civil_War_(2005%E2%80%932010)" title="Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)">Chadian Civil War</a>

</td>

<td>23 December 2005

</td>

</td>

<td> <a href="Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>

</td>

<td>15 January 2010

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Djiboutian%E2%80%93Eritrean_border_conflict" title="Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict">Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict</a>

</td>

<td>13 June 2008

</td>

<td> <a href="Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>

</td>

<td> <a href="Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>

</td>

<td>6 June 2010

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a>

</td>

<td>9 August 2008

</td>

<td> <a href="Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>

</td>

<td> <a href="Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>

</td>

<td>16 August 2008

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Heglig_Crisis" title="Heglig Crisis">Heglig Crisis</a>

</td>

<td>11 April 2012

</td>

<td> <a href="Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>

</td>

<td> <a href="South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>

</td>

<td>26 May 2012

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Anglophone_Crisis" title="Anglophone Crisis">Anglophone Crisis</a>

</td>

<td>4 December 2017

</td>

<td>Declaration of war

</td>

<td> <a href="Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>

</td>

<td> <a href="Ambazonia" title="Ambazonia">Ambazonia</a>

</td>

<td>Still at war

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second Nagorno-Karabakh War</a>

</td>

<td>27 September 2020

</td>

<td>Existence of a state of war

</td>

<td> <a href="Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>

</td>

<td> <a href="Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>

</td>

<td><a href="2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_ceasefire_agreement" title="2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement">10 November 2020</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Second_Western_Sahara_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Western Sahara War">Second Western Sahara War</a>

</td>

<td>14 November 2020

</td>

<td>Declaration of war

</td>

</td>

<td> <a href="Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>

</td>

<td>Still at war

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>7 October 2023

</td>

<td>Existence of a state of war

</td>

<td> <a href="Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>

</td>

<td> <a href="Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>

</td>

<td>Still at war

</td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_unique_cases">Other unique cases</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russo-Ukrainian_War">Russo-Ukrainian War</h4></div>

No formal declaration of war has been issued in the ongoing <a href="Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>. At the beginning of the <a href="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, Putin gave <a href="On_conducting_a_special_military_operation" title="On conducting a special military operation">a televised broadcast</a> announcing the start of the invasion with the term "<a href="Special_military_operation" title="Special military operation">special military operation</a>", side-stepping a formal declaration of war.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The statement was, however, regarded as a declaration of war by the Ukrainian government<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> and reported as such by many international news sources.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> While the Ukrainian parliament refers to Russia as a "terrorist state" in regards to its military actions in Ukraine,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> it has not issued a formal declaration of war on its behalf.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedures">Procedures</h2></div>

In Title II, Article 2 of the first Hague Convention of 1899, the signatory states agreed that at least one other nation be used to mediate disputes between states before engaging in hostilities:

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In case of serious disagreement or conflict, before an appeal to arms, the signatory Powers agree to have recourse, as far as circumstances allow, to the good offices or mediation of one or more friendly Powers.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></blockquote>

The Hague Convention (III) of 1907 called "<a href="Convention_Relative_to_the_Opening_of_Hostilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention Relative to the Opening of Hostilities">Convention Relative to the Opening of Hostilities</a>"<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> gives the international actions a country should perform when opening hostilities. The first two Articles say:

Article 1

The Contracting Powers recognize that hostilities between themselves must not commence without previous and explicit warning, in the form either of a reasoned declaration of war or of an ultimatum with conditional declaration of war.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>

Article 2

The existence of a state of war must be notified to the neutral Powers without delay, and shall not take effect in regard to them until after the receipt of a notification, which may, however, be given by telegraph. Neutral Powers, nevertheless, cannot rely on the absence of notification if it is clearly established that they were in fact aware of the existence of a state of war.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_United_Nations_and_war">The United Nations and war</h3></div>

In an effort to force nations to resolve issues without warfare, framers of the United Nations Charter attempted to commit member nations to using warfare only under limited circumstances, particularly for defensive purposes.

The UN became a <a href="Combatant" title="Combatant">combatant</a> itself after <a href="North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> invaded <a href="South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> on 25 June 1950, which began the <a href="Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. The <a href="United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a> condemned the North Korean action by a 9–0 resolution (with the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> absent) and called upon its member nations to come to the aid of South Korea. The United States and 15 other nations formed a "UN force" to pursue this action. In a <a href="Press_conference" title="Press conference">press conference</a> on 29 June 1950, US President <a href="Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> characterized these hostilities as not being a "war" but a "police action".<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>

The United Nations has issued <a href="United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution">Security Council Resolutions</a> that declared some wars to be legal actions under international law, most notably Resolution <a href="United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_678" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 678">678</a>, authorizing the 1991 <a href="Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> which was triggered by <a href="Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>'s invasion of <a href="Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>. UN Resolutions authorise the use of "force" or "all necessary means".<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legality">Legality</h2></div>

The legality of who is competent to declare war varies between nations and forms of government. In many nations, that power is given to the <a href="Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> or <a href="Monarch" title="Monarch">sovereign</a>. The official international protocol for declaring war was defined in the <a href="Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Convention (III) of 1907 on the Opening of Hostilities</a>.

Since 1945, developments in international law such as the <a href="United_Nations_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Charter">United Nations Charter</a>, which prohibits both the threat and the use of force in international conflicts, have made declarations of war largely obsolete in international relations,<a href="#cite_note-HOL-1">[1]</a> though such declarations may have relevance within the domestic law of the belligerents or of neutral nations. The UN Security Council, under powers granted in articles 24 and 25, and Chapter VII of the Charter, may authorize <a href="Collective_action" title="Collective action">collective action</a> to maintain or enforce international peace and security. Article 51 of the United Nations Charter also states that: "Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right to individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a state."<a href="#cite_note-UN_Charter-2">[2]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Requirements_by_country">Requirements by country</h2></div>

Declaring war is usually done through a process that involves prior approval before a formal announcement is made. This differs by country as some do not have a formal or codified pre-approval process, and in such a case, a given head of government can declare war with no pre-conditions.

<th scope="col">Country

</th>

<th scope="col">War declarer

</th>

<th scope="col">Legal cause

</th>

<th scope="col">Authorized by

</th>

<th scope="col">Additional information

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>

</th>

<td><a href="Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a>

</td>

<td>Section 61 of the <a href="Australian_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian constitution">Australian constitution</a>

</td>

<td>Prime Minister

</td>

<td>Per Defence Act 1903<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> a declaration of war may be made by the Prime Minister of Australia alone.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a>

</th>

<td><a href="Federal_Assembly_(Austria)" title="Federal Assembly (Austria)">Parliament</a>

</td>

<td>Article 38 and 40 of <a href="Federal_Constitutional_Law" title="Federal Constitutional Law">B-VG</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Federal_Assembly_(Austria)" title="Federal Assembly (Austria)">Parliament</a>

</td>

<td>The President has to announce a declaration of war.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>

</th>

<td><a href="President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President</a>

</td>

<td>Article 84 of the <a href="Brazilian_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian constitution">Brazilian constitution</a>

</td>

<td><a href="National_Congress_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="National Congress of Brazil">Congress</a>

</td>

<td>The President of Brazil has the power to declare war, in the event of foreign aggression, when authorized by the National Congress or, upon its ratification if the aggression occurs between legislative sessions, and decree full or partial national mobilization under the same conditions.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>

</th>

<td><a href="Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a>

</td>

<td>None

</td>

<td>Monarch (de jure)<a href="#cite_note-39">[a]</a>

</td>

<td>See: <a href="Declaration_of_war_by_Canada" title="Declaration of war by Canada">Declaration of war by Canada</a>.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="China" title="China">China</a>

</th>

<td><a href="President_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the People's Republic of China">President</a>

</td>

<td>Article 62(15), 67(19) and 80

</td>

<td><a href="National_People's_Congress" title="National People's Congress">Congress</a> (de jure)<a href="#cite_note-40">[b]</a>

</td>

<td>The National People's Congress is vested with the power to decide "on issues concerning war and peace" while the President "in pursuance of the decisions of the National People's Congress...proclaims a state of war." The <a href="Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People's_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a> may "decide, when the National People's Congress is not in session, on the proclamation of a state of war in the event of an armed attack on the country or in fulfillment of international treaty obligations concerning common defense against aggression".

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a>

</th>

<td><a href="President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">President</a>

</td>

<td>Article 93 of the <a href="Finnish_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish constitution">Finnish constitution</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">Parliament</a>

</td>

<td>The President of Finland may declare war or peace, with permission from the Parliament of Finland

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="France" title="France">France</a>

</th>

<td><a href="Government_of_France" title="Government of France">Government</a>

</td>

<td>Article 35 of the <a href="French_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="French constitution">French constitution</a>

</td>

<td>Parliament

</td>

<td>The <a href="French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">Parliament</a> "authorize" the declaration of war.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> Both the <a href="National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a> and the <a href="Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">Senate</a> does not vote on the declaration, but only debate on the proposal of the government. After 4 months of any military intervention, the Parliament can authorize the extension of the war. The 4 months period is not always respected by the government.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a>

</th>

<td><a href="Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Parliament</a>

</td>

<td>Article 115a <a href="Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">GG</a>

</td>

<td>Parliament

</td>

<td>Unless Germany is attacked by an opposing military force, a two-thirds majority vote must be held in the Bundestag if the federal republic is under the threat of war.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a>

</th>

<td><a href="National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="National Assembly (Hungary)">National Assembly</a>

</td>

<td>Article 1 of the <a href="Constitution_of_Hungary" title="Constitution of Hungary">Fundamental Law of Hungary</a>

</td>

<td>National Assembly

</td>

<td>The National Assembly "shall decide to declare a state of war and to conclude peace".

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="India" title="India">India</a>

</th>

<td><a href="President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a>

</td>

<td>Article 53(2) of the <a href="Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>

</td>

<td>Parliament

</td>

<td>The president of India can declare war or conclude peace, subject to the approval of parliament and advice from select government officials.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>

</th>

<td><a href="Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Prime Minister</a>

</td>

<td>The Knesset: Article 40(a)<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> and The Government: Article 3(a)<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> of the <a href="Basic_Laws_of_Israel" title="Basic Laws of Israel">Basic Laws</a> of Israel

</td>

<td>Prime Minister

</td>

<td>Per article 40(a) of the Basic Law The Knesset, the state will declare war "pursuant to a government decision" with the prime minister to give notice to the <a href="Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> "as soon as possible." Per article 3(a) of the Basic Law The Government, "the Government is comprised of the Prime Minister and Ministers."

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>

</th>

<td><a href="President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a>

</td>

<td>Articles 78 and 87 of the <a href="Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution of Italy</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a>

</td>

<td>The President shall make declarations of war as have been agreed by Parliament. Parliament has the authority to declare a state of war and vest the necessary powers into the Government.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>

</th>

<td><a href="Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Monarch</a>

</td>

<td>Article 68 of the <a href="Kuwaiti_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwaiti Constitution">Constitution of Kuwait</a>

</td>

<td>Monarch

</td>

<td>The Emir declares defensive war by decree. Offensive war is prohibited.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a>

</th>

<td><a href="President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President</a>

</td>

<td>Article 89 § VIII of the <a href="Constitution_of_Mexico" title="Constitution of Mexico">Mexican Constitution</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Congress_of_the_Union" title="Congress of the Union">Congress</a>

</td>

<td>The President may declare war in the name of the <a href="United_Mexican_States" class="mw-redirect" title="United Mexican States">United Mexican States</a> after the correspondent law is enacted by the Congress of the Union.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a>

</th>

<td><a href="States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a>

</td>

<td>Article 96 of the <a href="Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">Constitution of the Netherlands</a>

</td>

<td>States General

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a>

</th>

<td><a href="Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress</a>

</td>

<td>Article 6, Section 23 of the <a href="Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution of the Philippines</a>

</td>

<td><a href="President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a>

</td>

<td>Requires a two-thirds vote in a joint session of Congress, with each chamber voting separately.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>

</th>

<td><a href="Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Monarch</a>

</td>

<td>Article 71 of the <a href="Constitution_of_Qatar" title="Constitution of Qatar">Constitution of Qatar</a>

</td>

<td>Monarch

</td>

<td>Defensive war shall be declared by an Emiri decree and aggressive war is prohibited.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>

</th>

<td><a href="President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President</a>

</td>

<td>Article 71 and 86 of the <a href="Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Constitution of Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a>

</td>

<td>President

</td>

<td>Per Article 71: "The jurisdiction of the Russian Federation includes [...] foreign policy and international relations of the Russian Federation, international treaties and agreements of the Russian Federation, issues of war and peace;" Per Article 86:a "The President of the Russian Federation shall: [...] govern the foreign policy of the Russian Federation;"

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>

</th>

<td><a href="King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Monarch</a>

</td>

<td>Article 61 of the <a href="Basic_Law_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Basic Law of Saudi Arabia">Basic Law of Saudi Arabia</a>

</td>

<td>Monarch

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>

</th>

<td><a href="Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Monarch</a>

</td>

<td>Article 63 of the <a href="Spanish_constitution_of_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish constitution of 1978">Spanish constitution of 1978</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Spanish_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Parliament">Parliament</a>

</td>

<td>The King, with prior authorization by the Parliament, has the power to declare war and make peace.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a>

</th>

<td><a href="Swedish_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish cabinet">Cabinet</a>

</td>

<td>Section 15 § 14 entitled "Krigsförklaring" (2010:1408) of the <a href="Basic_Laws_of_Sweden" title="Basic Laws of Sweden">Instrument of Government</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Parliament</a>

</td>

<td>The Swedish cabinet (regeringen) may not declare Sweden to be at war without the parliament's (riksdagen) consent unless Sweden is attacked first.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>

</th>

<td><a href="Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Parliament</a>

</td>

<td>Article 87 and 92 of the <a href="Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">Constitution of Turkey</a>

</td>

<td>Parliament

</td>

<td>The <a href="President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">President</a> may declare Turkey to be at war without the parliament's consent if the parliament is adjourned or in recess and Turkey is attacked first.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>

</th>

<td><a href="Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarch</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a>

</td>

<td>None

</td>

<td>Monarch<a href="#cite_note-parliament1-57">[55]</a>

</td>

<td>See: <a href="Declarations_of_war_by_Great_Britain_and_the_United_Kingdom" title="Declarations of war by Great Britain and the United Kingdom">Declarations of war by Great Britain and the United Kingdom</a>.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a>

</th>

<td><a href="United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>

</td>

<td>Article 1, Section 8 of the <a href="Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a>

</td>

<td>President

</td>

<td>See: <a href="Declaration_of_war_by_the_United_States" title="Declaration of war by the United States">Declaration of war by the United States</a>.

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<ul><li><a href="Ongoing_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ongoing wars">Ongoing wars</a> (mostly undeclared)</li>

<li><a href="Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_wars_extended_by_diplomatic_irregularity" title="List of wars extended by diplomatic irregularity">List of wars extended by diplomatic irregularity</a></li>

<li><a href="Letter_of_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter of protest">Letter of protest</a></li>

<li><a href="State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">State of emergency</a></li>

<li><a href="Undeclared_war" title="Undeclared war">Undeclared war</a></li>

<li><a href="Feud_letter" title="Feud letter">Feud letter</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">

<li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> While declaring war does not require the direct approval from the <a href="Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a>, such can be sought by the government.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> The NPC has been described as a <a href="Rubber_stamp_(politics)#Examples" title="Rubber stamp (politics)">rubber stamp</a> legislature.

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldconst/236/236i.pdf">"Waging war: Parliament's role and responsibility"</a> (PDF). <a href="House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. 27 July 2006. Retrieved 21 April 2008. <q>Developments in international law since 1945, notably the United Nations (UN) Charter, including its prohibition on the threat or use of force in international relations, may well have made the declaration of war redundant as a formal international legal instrument (unlawful recourse to force does not sit happily with an idea of legal equality).</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-UN_Charter-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_Charter_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_Charter_2-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations">Charter of the United Nations </a>. art. 51.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFIrajpanahSchultz2021" class="citation journal cs1">Irajpanah, Katherine; Schultz, Kenneth A. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2021.1979842">"Off the Menu: Post-1945 Norms and the End of War Declarations"</a>. Security Studies. 30 (4): 485–516. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09636412.2021.1979842">10.1080/09636412.2021.1979842</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0963-6412">0963-6412</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239546101">239546101</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFFazal2012" class="citation journal cs1">Fazal, Tanisha M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2012.734227">"Why States No Longer Declare War"</a>. Security Studies. 21 (4): 557–593. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09636412.2012.734227">10.1080/09636412.2012.734227</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0963-6412">0963-6412</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143983917">143983917</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Brien Hallett, The Lost Art of Declaring War, University of Illinois Press, 1998, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-252-06726-6</bdi>, pp. 65f.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Deut. 20:10–12, Judg. 11:1–32.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Brien Hallett, The Lost Art of Declaring War, University of Illinois Press, 1998, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-252-06726-6</bdi>, pp. 66f.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War, Book II.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Bynkershoek, Cornelius van. 1930. Quæstionum Juris Publici Liber Duo (1737). Trans. Tenney Frank. The Classics of International Law No. 14 (2). Publications of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Oxford at the Clarendon Press. (I, ii, 8)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Hall, William Edward. 1924. A Treatise on International Law. 8th ed. by A. Pearce Higgins. London: Humphrey Milford: Oxford University Press. (p. 444)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMichael_Oren2003" class="citation book cs1">Michael Oren (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixdaysofwarjune0000oren_u3x7/page/5">Six Days of War</a>. New York: Random House Ballantine Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixdaysofwarjune0000oren_u3x7/page/5">5</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-345-46192-4</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/rn/features/inbedwithphillip/episodes/151-amos-oz/">"In Bed With Phillip - 20 Years of Late Night Live - War and its Legacy - Amos Oz"</a>. www.abc.net.au. Retrieved 10 February 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKamazima2004" class="citation thesis cs1">Kamazima, Switbert Rwechungura (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kkIag9gBxacC">Borders, boundaries, peoples, and states : a comparative analysis of post-independence Tanzania-Uganda border regions</a> (PhD). University of Minnesota. p. 167. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62698476">62698476</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRobert_Cowley1996" class="citation web cs1">Robert Cowley (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/iran-iraq-war">"Iran-Iraq War"</a>. History.com.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTheodore_Draper1990" class="citation magazine cs1">Theodore Draper (29 March 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1990/mar/29/did-noriega-declare-war/?pagination=false">"Did Noriega declare war?"</a>. New York Review of Books.</cite>

</li>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldatwar.net/timeline/other/diplomacy39-45.html">Declarations of war during World War II</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hague03.asp">Hague Convention (III) in 1907</a> defines the protocol for starting hostilities</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fredsakademiet.dk/tid/1800/1812/us_decleration_of_wars.pdf">Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force: Historical Background and Legal Implications, US Congressional Research Service</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120401093511/http://www.fredsakademiet.dk/tid/1800/1812/us_decleration_of_wars.pdf">Archived</a> 1 April 2012 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>

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